Food Scraps and Yard Debris Collection in Portland 2010 by Tim Jewett

Source-separated organics (SSO) is the system by which waste generators segregate

compostable Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant, food waste, recycling organic materials and manure. The resulting m ...

materials from other waste streams at the source for separate collection.

Types of materials

Organic materials, such as yard trimmings, food scraps, wood waste, and paper and paperboard products, typically make up about one-third (by weight) of the municipal solid waste stream. SSO programs depend on the composition of local waste stream, acceptance specifications for the organics processing facility, and collection methods. The types of organic materials collected include: * Yard and landscaping debris: floral trimmings, tree trimmings, leaves, grass, brush, and weeds * Food waste: organic residues generated by the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, and serving of foods, including fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish, bones, rice, beans, pasta, bakery items, cheese, eggshells, and coffee grounds * Paper fibers: waxed cardboard, napkins, paper towels, uncoated paper plates, tea bags, coffee filters, wooden crates, and greasy pizza boxes * Wood waste: urban wood waste, woody debris from suburban land clearing, and rural forestry residuals

Programs

SSO programs have been launched in a wide range of venues, including single-family residential units, commercial businesses, events, food processors, schools, hospitals, and airports. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has assembled tools and resources for food waste management to assist communities interested in launching their own food waste reduction and collection efforts. SSO materials are typically collected in wet-strength paper bags, unlined plastic bins, or compostable film-plastic liners that meet ASTM 6400 standards.

Benefits

The organic fraction of the waste stream is increasingly viewed as a resource. The resulting products renewable energy and compost benefit the environment: reduce greenhouse gas emissions; reduce dependency on foreign energy imports; increase the nutrient composition of our soils; reduce the amount of waste going to landfills; reduce the amount of wet, sloppy waste going to other methods of disposal; reduce the

leachate A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed. Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences wher ...

associated with

stormwater Stormwater, also spelled storm water, is water that originates from precipitation (storm), including heavy rain and meltwater from hail and snow. Stormwater can soak into the soil ( infiltrate) and become groundwater, be stored on depressed la ...

management at landfills; reduce the

greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and lar ...

from uncontrolled landfill operations; improve erosion and stormwater control through biofiltration (Schwab, 2000).

Barriers to adoption

Communities and businesses that want to implement SSO programs face a few challenges. First, they need participation at the source of their organic waste generation. Second, they need a

hauler Haulage is the business of transporting goods by road or rail between suppliers and large consumer outlets, factories, warehouses, or depots. This includes everything humans might wish to move in bulk - from vegetables and other foodstuffs, to cloth ...

willing to collect the organic waste. Third, they need a composting facility permitted to process the material. These challenges have been overcome by many successful SSO programs. Tactics for addressing barriers to adoption include creating outreach and education materials, forging partnerships between local businesses to share fixed collection costs,http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/000496.html and creating incentives for organic diversion through regulated tip fees for solid waste and organics.

Processing

Organic materials collected in SSO programs typically get delivered to composting facilities where the waste is turned into nutrient-rich soil amendments known as

compost Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant, food waste, recycling organic materials and manure. The resulting m ...

. Organic feedstock can also be delivered to anaerobic digestion facilities that produce

biogas Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It is a ...

, a source of

renewable energy Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy ...

. The resulting biogas (methane) can then be used for cogeneration (electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to

hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, an ...

for use in stationary cogeneration fuel cells.

Notes

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References

* Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. (2002)
School Composting: A Manual for CT Schools
* Cuneen, G. (2010, March)

"BioCycle", Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 35. * Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. (2003, May)
Composting in Restaurants and Schools: A Municipal Toolkit
Center for Ecological Technology (CET). * Rosenbloom, P. & Bunn, S. (2005, August)

''BioCycle", Vol. 46, No. 8, p. 24. * Schwab, J. (2000)
''Compost: Better, Faster, Cheaper Cleanups''
Waste Age. * United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2004)
''Composting Yard Trimmings and Municipal Solid Waste''
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response: Washington, DC. * United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008
''Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008''
Washington, DC.

External links

Portland Composts!
- Business organics recycling in Portland, OR
Save Our Scraps
- Public school organic recycling program in Clark County, WA
Food Scrap Recycling Ads
by StopWaste.org, CA
Recycle Food. It's Easy to Do.
by King County, WA
City of Dubuque Food Scrap Recycling Program
by Dubuque, IA
Bin Talk
by Ottawa, Canada

by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Find a Composter
by BioCyle
Food Service/Cafeteria Waste Reduction
by CalRecycle, CA Biodegradable waste management Food waste